Natural Environment-Human Relationship in Karstic Areas: The Case of Muğla Polje

Abstract

This study explores the interaction between the natural environment and human activities in the Muğla Polje, a tectono-karstic landform with unique morphological and geographical characteristics. It examines the polje’s geological and geomorphological features, settlement patterns, agricultural practices, transhumance, and environmental challenges through a holistic lens. Qualitative methods were employed, including field observations (2021–2023), interviews with local residents and institutions, analysis of official data, and literature review. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to analyze the area’s morphology. Findings show that the karstic structure heavily influences human activity. However, neglect of this natural structure in recent years has led to environmental and structural problems. High groundwater levels, malfunctioning ponors, the decline of transhumance systems, unplanned urbanization, and pollution pose serious threats to the sustainability of the ecosystem. The study underscores the importance of effective karst area management and provides solution-oriented recommendations for ensuring ecological balance and sustainable land use in the region.